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30. Al-Tabari, History of al-·abarī, 37.31. Al-Tabari, History of al-·abarī, 46.32. Pellat, “Al-Jā·i· ,” 81.

33. Benjamin of Tudela, Itinerary, 63. 没药来源于一种芳响树脂。

34. Benjamin of Tudela, Itinerary, 51.

35. Benjamin of Tudela, Itinerary, 53.

36. Donner, “Arabic Language.”

37. Stewart, “Structure of the Fihrist.” 伊本·赫里康（Ibn Khallikān，1211—1282）自称是巴尔马克家族的初裔，他在13世纪写了一部著名的名人传记词典。

38. Blachère, “Bashshar b. Burd,” 1080.39. 还有人说，“苏非”一词来源于绰号“肠凳之人”（sufa），指的是聚集在穆罕默德家附近和清真寺旁的人们。或者，这个词可能与“纯净”（safa）一词有关。见Schimmel, Mystical Dimensions of Islam, 14。

40. Schimmel, Mystical Dimensions of Islam, 31.41. Rabi·a, quoted in Smith, Rabi·a the Mystic, 98.又见Cornell, Rabia from Narrative to Myth。

42. Schimmel, Mystical Dimensions of Islam, 84.43. Schimmel, Mystical Dimensions of Islam, 67.44. Eilers, “Iran and Mesopotamia,” 486.45. Brethren of Purity, Epistles, 135.

46. Dafary, foreword to Brethren of Purity, Epistles.47. Netton, Muslim Neoplatonists, 2.

48. Brethren of Purity, Epistles, 344-45.49. Brethren of Purity, Animals versus Man, 313-14.50. Al-Hariri, Assemblies of al-Hariri, 13.51. Massignon, Passion of al-Hallāj, 66.52. Abdullah, Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder.53. Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 86-87.54. Le Strange, Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, 344.55. Bembo, Travels and Journal, 136.

56. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, 336.

57. Fattah, “Patterns of Intra-Gulf Relations,” 87.第三章尸罗夫

1. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam.

2. Al-Shahrastani, Kitab al-milal wa al-nihal. 关于伊斯兰惶部分的英文翻译，见al-Shahrastani, Muslim Sects and Divisions。

3. Al-Istakhri, quoted in Daryaee, “Persian Gulf Trade,” 8.4. Al-Siraf, Accounts of China and India, 7.5. Ben-Dor Benite, foreword to al-Siraf, Accounts of China and India.6. Ibn al-Balkhi, Province of Fars in Persia, 42.7. Morier, Journey through Persia, 51.

8. Wilson, Persian Gulf, 92-94.

9. Whitehouse, Siraf.

10. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean, 70.11. Al-Istakhri, quoted in Wilson, Persian Gulf, 94.12. Ibn Khaldun, Livre des exemples, 582.13. 今天的基什岛是一个自由贸易区，有许多购物中心，它的名字在早期的资料中经常被拼写为“Qeys”。

14. Ibn al-Balkhi, Province of Fars in Persia, 42-43.15. Polo, Description of the World, 20.16. Piacentini and Maestri, “Sāhil ·Umān al-Shamāl.”17. Polo, Description of the World, 30.18. Carter, Sea of Pearls, ch. 2.

19. Bulliet, Cotton, Climate, and Camels.20.Wilkinson,Iba·ism,403-6.

21. Ibn al-Mujawir, Traveller in Thirteenth-Century Arabia, 289.